By Dan Walters
Fundamentally, Proposition 16 is the latest skirmish in a decades-long conflict over the meaning of two words—affirmative action.
If passed—very doubtful, according to two recent polls—the measure would repeal 1996’s Proposition 209, which banned discrimination or preferences “on the basis of race, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin in the operation of public employment, public education, or public contracting.”
Proposition 209 advocate Ward Connerly, a Black member of the University of California’s Board of Regents, said at the time, “Affirmative action was meant to be temporary (but) three decades later, affirmative action is permanent and firmly entrenched as a matter of public policy (and) the battleground for a political and economic war that has racial self-interest as its centerpiece.”
Connerly was referring to the 1960s, when President John Kennedy ordered federal government contractors to “take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed and that employees are treated during employment without regard to their race, creed, color or national origin.”
The term, however, quickly morphed from treatment “without regard” for race, gender or ethnicity into policies granting specific preferences to what were then called “minorities.”
At its outer edges, affirmative action evolved into rigid quotas, and California became the epicenter of the issue when a white Vietnam veteran named Allan Bakke applied to the University of California, Davis, medical school.
The school rejected Bakke in 1973, despite high marks on his application. At the time, the school—in the name of affirmative action—set aside some medical school slots for minorities and Bakke sued, alleging racial discrimination. He won in the state Supreme Court, the university appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, and its 5-4 decision is still being debated and litigated.
The court declared that quotas are unconstitutional but that race can be considered in college admissions as long as it isn’t the exclusive criterion.
Justice Harry Blackmun wrote for the majority, saying, “In order to get beyond racism, we must first take account of race. There is no other way. And in order to treat some persons equally, we must treat them differently. We cannot—we dare not—let the Equal Protection Clause perpetuate racial supremacy.”
Proposition 209 passed in 1996 with support of 54.5 percent of that year’s voters.
Today, the state’s politics have shifted markedly leftward. Proposition 209’s critics, alleging that it oppresses women and people of color, sensed time was ripe for change.
The overwhelmingly Democratic Legislature voted to place Proposition 16 on the ballot in legislation carried by a Black woman, Assemblywoman Shirley Weber, a San Diego Democrat. Attorney General Xavier Becerra gave the measure a very positive official title: “Allows diversity as a factor in public employment, education and contracting decisions.” However, recent polling indicates that it isn’t catching on with likely voters.
The Public Policy Institute of California found just 31 percent support and UC Berkeley’s IGS poll pegged it at 33 percent.
Chances are high that after Nov. 3, the debate over the meaning of affirmative action will still be raging.
Dan Walters wrote this column for calmatters.org.
